EVALUATION OF SOUND EXPOSURE AND ATMOSPHERIC QUALITY IN MAJOR ROAD JUNCTIONS AND MARKETS IN OWERRI

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EVALUATION OF SOUND EXPOSURE AND ATMOSPHERIC QUALITY IN MAJOR ROAD JUNCTIONS AND MARKETS IN OWERRI

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The requisite to determine whether a standard or guideline has been exceeded is called

Assessment of Air Quality. This overshadows another objective of air Quality assessment: providing the information needed to estimate population Exposure to air pollution and the effects on the health of the population. Consequently, population exposures to toxic air pollution are not really addressed by all air monitoring system available. Given the importance of these data for air quality management, this thesis describes strategies and methods for providing information on air quality that is adequate for health impact assessment.

Human exposure to air pollution may result in a variety of health effects, depending on the types of pollutants, the magnitude, duration and frequency of exposure and the associated toxicity of the pollutants of concern. People are exposed to air pollutants (whether includes indoors and outdoors) and this depends on the activities of individuals. Among the different population groups, children, elderly and chronically ill people are especially sensitive and susceptible to levels of air pollution exposure. It is important to note here that health impact assessment combines estimates of population exposure with information on toxicity of the pollutant or the relationship between exposure and response.

Information on the relationship between exposure and response is necessary to estimate the potential health risks. The estimates of health effects for a population base are typically calculated in terms of predicted excess negative health effects (such as increases in hospital admissions or mortality) caused by exposure to a certain level of air pollution. In doing this, each concentration of air pollution in the community being assessed, is combined with the information on the response to certain concentrations derived from epidemiological or toxicological studies with the number of people exposed.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Records have shown that, of all of the environmental risks, Air pollution constitutes the largest: annual deaths of an estimated 3 million people are associated with outdoor air pollution exposure. In the year of 2012 alone, global deaths of about 11.6 percent equivalent to 6.5 million deaths were outdoor air pollution-related. 94% of the approximately 90% of air pollution-related deaths occurring in low and middle-income countries are as a result of non-communicable diseases, including cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer (WHO, 2017).

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

To understand the impact of level of noise on air wuality in kajor traffic hotspots and selected markets
To understand the relationship between level of noise and air quality in major traffic hotspots and selected markets

RESEARCH QUESTIONS

What is the impact of level of noise on air wuality in kajor traffic hotspots and selected markets
What is the relationship between level of noise and air quality in major traffic hotspots and selected markets

RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

H0: There is no relationship between level of noise and air quality in major traffic hotspots and selected markets

H1: There is a relationship between level of noise and air quality in major traffic hotspots and selected markets

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

Industrial activities release major pollutants into the environment thereby causing air, water and land pollution, as well as noise. Industrial pollution is thus a threat to both human, animal and plant life and it affects the aesthetic quality of the environment. Noise, which could stress, related illness and diseases such as cancer, kidney failure nervous disorders, leukemia, mental retardation, hearing failure or total deafness is a fallout of industrial pollution (Ogedengbe and Onyuanyi 2017). Industrialization came into play and was seen initially as a sign of development but bore with it more complicated problems. Major activities during production process involve the use of chemical whose byeproducts constitute industrial waste that are sometimes discharged carelessly into the environment through pipes, drains, air and land and find their way into water used for drinking, fishing and other purposes.

Traffic flow in the urban centers has been a contributory factor influencing air pollution and this occurrence has reached the critical level in many cities (Höglund and Niittymäki 1999). Understanding the relation between vehicle emissions and traffic control measures is an important step toward reducing the potential for global warming, smog, ozone depletion, and respiratory illness. The clean air which was naturally meant to support human health and wellbeing has be contaminated by various chemicals emitted into them from natural and anthropogenic sources thereby causing major health risk to human dwelling in that vicinity and windward side of the pollution sources. According to Oderinde et al., 2016 transport is a vital part of modern life whereby there is opportunity to travel short and long distances for personal development and professional activities. More importantly, the economic development of entire regions depends on the easy access to people, goods and services assured by contemporary transport technology because of its flexibility (WHO 2017; Oderinde et al., 2016). In general, transportation improve overall accessibility in terms of business, education, employment and services; and reduce transportation costs (travel time, vehicle operating costs, road and parking facility costs, accident and pollution damages) to increase economic productivity and development. Unfortunately, these positive aspects are closely associated with the hazards to the environment and human health caused by road transport (WHO 2005). Motor vehicles, including non-road vehicles, now account for 75 percent of carbon monoxide emissions nationwide (USEPA 2014).

In recent years, studies carried out to assess the levels of criteria air pollutants in cities of Rivers State, including Port Harcourt, and their probable association with air borne diseases, provide evidence of correlation. Adoki, 2012 carried out air quality survey in four different locations in Rivers state at varying distances (60, 100, and 500 m) from emission source. Conferring to his findings, virtually all the samples complied with (Department of Petroleum Resources (DPR)) guidelines for annual average apart from SOx and NOx whose annual means surpassed specification at only one location. Non-conformity occurred mostly in the dry season. During that season, the levels of the pollutants were disposed to be higher in the evenings and sustained through the early hours of the morning. In all four locations, suspended particulate matter (SPM) conformed to specification of 230ug/m; with highest annual mean being 129ug/m. Like with NOx and SOx, season significantly influenced their concentrations (Adoki, 2012).

Nwachukwu et al, 2012 in their survey of a 5-year (2003 to 2007) epidemiological data discovered that the level of all the criteria air pollutants in Rivers State was significantly higher than the WHO specification. They were able to prove that air pollution was associated with air related morbidities and mortalities in the state. Amongst the air-related morbidity assessed, including cerebrospinal meningitis (CSM), chronic bronchitis, measles, pertussis, pulmonary tuberculosis, pneumonia, and upper respiratory tract infection (URTI), pneumonia was the most prevalent for all of the years that were studied, and was responsible for the highest number of deaths in 2005.

The objective of the study is to ascertain the volume of air pollutants and the air quality status in parts of Porthacourt. The acquisition of ambient air quality data in the study area is necessitated by the paucity of records on atmospheric pollutant concentrations that will determine if the study area are within Global and local permissible limits for living healthy. Air pollution level and concentration of the study area was determined with particulate matter (PM₁₀), sulphur (iv) oxide (SO₂) and carbon monoxide (CO). Meteorological factors influenced atmospheric pollutant concentrations, as such, meteorological variables (speed wind and wind directions) were also measured in so as to assess the dynamics of atmospheric dispersion of the air pollutants in the study area. Measured air quality were analyzed with reference to the standard threshold limits prescribed by the Nigerian National Ambient Air Quality Standards (Nigerian NAAQS) Abam and Unwachukwu 2009 and the United States National Ambient Air Quality Standards (US NAAQS, EPA 2014).

Geology of the Study Area.

The area under study is part of the Niger Delta basin which has an aerial of 75,00km2. It has an overall regressive classic sequence and is divided into three ranging from Eocene to recent age (Short and Stauble 1967). They include the following:

 The Benin formation  Agbada formation  Akata formation.

The Akata formation is composed mainly of shales deposited as turbidity and continental slope channel fills.

The Agbada formation consists mainly of sandstone and shales intercepted by a number of growth faults and a rapidly vertical and lateral facie change.

The Benin formation is made of porous sand and gravels with localized shales/clay interbeds occurring as point bars or channel fills.

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