EVALUATION OF PUBLIC SANITATION FACILITIES AND THEIR ASSOCIATED PROBLEMS IN UDI LGA, ENUGU STATE
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EVALUATION OF PUBLIC SANITATION FACILITIES AND THEIR ASSOCIATED PROBLEMS IN UDI LGA, ENUGU STATE
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
Public toilet systems are essential components of urban and rural infrastructure, contributing significantly to public health, environmental sanitation, and human dignity. Access to clean, safe, and functional public toilets helps prevent the spread of communicable diseases, promotes hygiene, and supports sustainable development, especially in densely populated communities (World Health Organization [WHO], 2019). In developing countries, inadequate sanitation facilities remain a major challenge, particularly in public spaces such as markets, motor parks, schools, and government offices.
In Nigeria, poor sanitation has continued to pose serious public health and environmental challenges despite various government policies and interventions. The Federal Ministry of Water Resources and the National Action Plan for the Revitalization of Nigeria’s WASH Sector emphasize the importance of adequate sanitation facilities at the grassroots level (Federal Ministry of Water Resources, 2020). However, many local government areas still struggle with poorly maintained or completely absent public toilet systems, leading to indiscriminate defecation and environmental pollution.
Udi Local Government Area (LGA) of Enugu State is not exempt from these challenges. As a semi-urban area with growing population, commercial activities, and public gatherings, the demand for effective public toilet facilities has increased. Unfortunately, observations suggest that existing public toilets in the area are either inadequate, poorly managed, or non-functional. These conditions expose residents and visitors to health risks, environmental degradation, and social discomfort. Therefore, an assessment of the public toilet system and its related challenges in Udi Local Government Area is necessary to provide empirical evidence that can inform policy decisions and sanitation planning.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Despite the recognized importance of public toilet systems, many communities in Nigeria continue to experience serious sanitation deficiencies. Inadequate provision, poor maintenance, lack of water supply, and weak management structures have rendered many public toilets unusable (Adeniyi & Ojo, 2018). As a result, open defecation remains prevalent, contributing to water contamination, disease outbreaks, and environmental pollution.
In Udi Local Government Area, the absence of efficient public toilet facilities in strategic locations such as markets, parks, and public institutions has become a growing concern. Where facilities exist, issues such as unhygienic conditions, vandalism, lack of supervision, and user dissatisfaction are common. These problems undermine public health efforts and contradict national sanitation goals. Without proper assessment, the specific challenges affecting the public toilet system in Udi LGA may remain unresolved. This study therefore seeks to assess the public toilet system and identify the major challenges affecting its functionality and sustainability.
1.3 Objectives of the Study
The main objective of this study is to assess the public toilet system and its related challenges in Udi Local Government Area, Enugu State.
The specific objectives are to:
examine the availability and distribution of public toilet facilities in Udi Local Government Area;
assess the condition and level of maintenance of existing public toilets;
identify the major challenges affecting the effective operation of public toilet systems in the area;
examine users’ level of satisfaction with public toilet facilities;
suggest possible strategies for improving public toilet systems in Udi Local Government Area.
1.4 Research Questions
The following research questions guided the study:
What is the level of availability of public toilet facilities in Udi Local Government Area?
What is the condition and maintenance status of public toilets in the area?
What challenges affect the effective management of public toilet systems in Udi LGA?
How satisfied are users with the existing public toilet facilities?
What measures can be adopted to improve public toilet systems in the area?
1.5 Significance of the Study
The findings of this study will be beneficial to several stakeholders. Local government authorities will find the study useful in planning, implementing, and monitoring sanitation projects. It will also assist policymakers in formulating effective sanitation policies that align with community needs.
Public health officials and environmental agencies will benefit from the insights provided on sanitation-related health risks and environmental implications. The study will also serve as a reference material for students and researchers interested in environmental health, public administration, and urban planning. Furthermore, residents of Udi Local Government Area will benefit indirectly from recommendations aimed at improving public hygiene and sanitation.
1.6 Scope of the Study
This study is limited to the assessment of public toilet systems in Udi Local Government Area of Enugu State. It focuses on the availability, condition, management, and challenges of public toilet facilities within selected public locations in the area. The study does not cover private household toilets or sanitation facilities in other local government areas.
1.7 Operational Definition of Terms
Public Toilet System: Sanitation facilities provided for public use in places such as markets, parks, and public institutions.
Sanitation: The provision of facilities and services for the safe disposal of human waste to promote health and hygiene.
Maintenance: Activities carried out to keep public toilet facilities clean, functional, and safe for use.
Open Defecation: The practice of defecating in open spaces such as fields, bushes, or waterways due to lack of toilet facilities.
Local Government Area: The third tier of government in Nigeria responsible for grassroots administration and service delivery.
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