DESIGN AND PREPARATION OF GREEN PESTICIDES DERIVED FROM AGRICULTURAL WASTE MATERIALS
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DESIGN AND PREPARATION OF GREEN PESTICIDES DERIVED FROM AGRICULTURAL WASTE MATERIALS
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
Agriculture plays a central role in global food security, yet crop loss due to pests remains one of its major challenges. It is estimated that pests are responsible for the destruction of about one-third of global agricultural production annually, leading to reduced yield and economic losses for farmers (Oerke, 2006). To mitigate these losses, farmers rely extensively on synthetic pesticides. While effective, synthetic pesticides are associated with serious environmental and health concerns, including soil degradation, biodiversity loss, bioaccumulation, water contamination, and adverse human health effects (Pimentel, 2005; Aktar, Sengupta & Chowdhury, 2009).
As environmental awareness increases, attention has shifted toward the development of eco-friendly pesticides—biopesticides derived from natural sources such as plants, microorganisms, and agricultural residues (Mishra et al., 2018). Agricultural waste, including fruit peels, crop residues, seed husks, and plant leaves, contains bioactive compounds with pesticidal and antimicrobial properties (Adegbeye et al., 2020). These wastes are often discarded or burned, contributing to environmental pollution and greenhouse gas emissions (Gupta & Garg, 2015). Converting them into useful pest-control products aligns with principles of waste valorization and circular economy.
Eco-friendly pesticides offer numerous benefits. They are biodegradable, exhibit lower toxicity to non-target organisms, and reduce environmental persistence compared to synthetic chemicals (Isman, 2006). They also help promote sustainable agriculture, improve soil quality, and support organic farming systems (Dubey, Shukla & Kumar, 2010). The use of agricultural waste as raw material not only minimizes disposal problems but also adds value to otherwise unused resources, contributing to environmental sustainability and economic development.
The formulation and production of pesticides from agricultural waste involve extraction of active compounds, product stabilization, and evaluation of pesticidal efficiency against target pests (Isman & Grieneisen, 2014). This study explores how such materials can be utilized to produce eco-friendly pesticide alternatives that are effective, affordable, and environmentally safe.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Continuous dependence on synthetic pesticides has caused increasing environmental and health concerns such as groundwater contamination, pesticide residues in food, resistance development in pests, and ecological imbalance (Carvalho, 2017). At the same time, agricultural waste continues to accumulate due to increased food processing and crop production, creating disposal and pollution challenges in many rural and urban areas (Gupta & Garg, 2015).
The dual challenge of excess agricultural waste and harmful chemical pesticide use presents an opportunity to transform waste into eco-friendly pest-control solutions. However, knowledge gaps persist regarding the effective formulation, production, and evaluation of pesticides derived from agricultural residues. This study therefore seeks to investigate the potential of agricultural waste materials in the formulation and production of eco-friendly pesticides.
1.3 Objectives of the Study
The main objective of the study is to formulate and produce eco-friendly pesticides from agricultural waste materials.
The specific objectives are to:
identify suitable agricultural waste materials with pesticidal properties;
extract and characterize bioactive compounds from selected agricultural waste;
formulate eco-friendly pesticides from the extracted materials;
evaluate the effectiveness of the formulated pesticides on selected pests;
compare the performance of eco-friendly pesticides with conventional synthetic pesticides.
1.4 Research Questions
This research will be guided by the following questions:
Which agricultural waste materials contain compounds with pesticidal properties?
How can bioactive compounds be extracted and used in pesticide formulation?
How effective are pesticides produced from agricultural waste in controlling pests?
How do eco-friendly pesticides compare to conventional chemical pesticides?
What environmental benefits result from converting agricultural waste into pesticides?
1.5 Research Hypotheses
H0: Eco-friendly pesticides formulated from agricultural waste do not significantly differ in effectiveness from synthetic pesticides.
H1: Eco-friendly pesticides formulated from agricultural waste significantly differ in effectiveness from synthetic pesticides.
1.6 Significance of the Study
This study will provide scientific evidence supporting the use of agricultural waste in pesticide production. It promotes sustainable agriculture, environmental protection, and waste-to-wealth innovation. Farmers may benefit from safer and cheaper pest-control options. Policymakers and environmental agencies can utilize the findings to strengthen regulations promoting bio-pesticide development (FAO, 2019). The study will also contribute to academic literature on biopesticides, green chemistry, and resource recovery.
1.7 Scope of the Study
The study focuses on the identification of agricultural wastes with pesticidal properties, extraction of active compounds, formulation of eco-friendly pesticides, and laboratory evaluation of their effectiveness. It does not primarily assess long-term field ecological impacts, though recommendations will be made for further studies.
1.8 Operational Definition of Terms
Eco-friendly pesticides: Pest-control agents derived from natural or biodegradable materials with minimal environmental impact.
Agricultural waste: Residues from farming and food processing, such as peels, husks, stems, and leaves.
Biopesticides: Pesticides derived from natural organisms or their metabolites.
Formulation: Process of preparing active ingredients into usable pesticide products.
Waste valorization: Conversion of waste materials into valuable products.
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