AN ASSESSMENT OF HOUSEHOLD WATER CONSUMPTION PATTERNS IN MANGU LGA, PLATEAU STATE
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AN ASSESSMENT OF HOUSEHOLD WATER CONSUMPTION PATTERNS IN MANGU LGA, PLATEAU STATE
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
Water is an essential natural resource required for human survival, socio-economic development, sanitation, and environmental sustainability. Access to adequate and safe domestic water is closely linked with public health, food security, and overall quality of life (World Health Organization, 2017). Domestic water demand refers to the quantity of water required for household activities such as drinking, cooking, bathing, washing, cleaning, and sanitation (Gleick, 2014). Rapid population growth, urbanization, and changes in lifestyle have continued to increase domestic water demand across many developing regions, including Nigeria.
In Nigeria, many communities experience inadequate and irregular water supply due to poor infrastructure, erratic power supply, climate variability, and weak institutional capacity (Nwankwoala, 2011). As a result, households rely on multiple water sources such as boreholes, hand-dug wells, streams, rainwater harvesting, and public taps to meet their daily needs. Such dependence sometimes leads to unsafe water use, exposing residents to waterborne diseases including cholera, typhoid, and dysentery (WHO, 2017).
Mangu Local Government Area in Plateau State is predominantly agrarian, with dispersed rural settlements and emerging urban centers. The area experiences seasonal variations in rainfall and faces challenges of inadequate potable water supply, aging water infrastructure, and overdependence on groundwater and surface water sources. Increasing population and socio-economic activities have intensified pressure on available water resources, making it necessary to evaluate the level of domestic water demand and usage patterns in the area (Audu & Dabi, 2019). A proper assessment will provide evidence necessary for effective water resource planning, sustainable management, and improvement of household welfare.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Despite the importance of water to human health and livelihood, many households in Mangu Local Government Area continue to experience water scarcity, long hours of water collection, and reliance on unsafe sources. Complaints of inadequate supply from public water utilities, frequent breakdown of boreholes, and seasonal drying of wells are common. These challenges force residents to travel long distances or purchase water at high cost, thereby increasing household expenditure and reducing welfare (Nwankwoala, 2011).
Inadequate knowledge of domestic water demand and actual usage patterns complicates planning by government agencies and development partners. Without reliable data on household water needs, infrastructure investments may be poorly targeted and insufficient to meet present and future demand. There is therefore a pressing need to evaluate domestic water demand and usage in Mangu Local Government Area in order to identify consumption trends, major water sources, constraints, and implications for sustainable water management.
1.3 Objectives of the Study
The main objective of this study is to evaluate domestic water demand and usage in Mangu Local Government Area, Plateau State.
The specific objectives are to:
Identify the major sources of domestic water supply in the study area.
Assess household water demand and daily usage patterns.
Examine the factors influencing domestic water demand.
Evaluate the adequacy and reliability of available water supply sources.
Identify challenges faced by households in accessing domestic water.
Suggest strategies for improving domestic water supply and management.
1.4 Research Questions
This study will be guided by the following questions:
What are the major sources of domestic water supply in Mangu Local Government Area?
What is the level of household water demand and daily usage pattern?
Which factors influence domestic water demand in the study area?
How adequate and reliable are the current water sources?
What challenges do households face in accessing water?
What strategies can improve domestic water supply and usage?
1.5 Significance of the Study
The study is beneficial to the following groups:
Government and Water Agencies: Provides data for planning rural and urban water supply schemes.
Local Government Authorities: Supports formulation of policies on sustainable water management.
Development Agencies and NGOs: Guides intervention programs related to water and sanitation.
Researchers and Academics: Adds to the growing body of knowledge on water demand studies in Nigeria.
Residents of Mangu LGA: Improves understanding of water use behavior and encourages efficient usage.
Ultimately, the study contributes toward achieving Sustainable Development Goal 6, which calls for universal access to clean water and sanitation (United Nations, 2018).
1.6 Scope of the Study
The study is geographically limited to Mangu Local Government Area of Plateau State. It focuses on domestic water demand and usage among households, examining water sources, quantity used, frequency of supply, accessibility, and associated challenges. Agricultural, industrial, and commercial water demands are outside the focus of this research.
1.7 Operational Definition of Terms
Domestic Water Demand: Quantity of water required for household activities such as drinking, cooking, washing, and sanitation.
Water Usage: The manner and extent to which households consume water for daily activities.
Water Source: Origin of water used by households, including boreholes, wells, streams, and pipe-borne supply.
Adequacy of Water Supply: The extent to which available water meets household demand in quantity and quality.
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