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EFFECT OF CRUDE OIL ON THE CEREBELLUM AND KIDNEY OF MALE ALBINO WISTAR RAT
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study
Crude petroleum is composed of various metals and hydrocarbons1. Crude oil is refined into fractions of petrol, diesel, kerosene, heavy gas and lubricating oils, among others. Petrol, diesel and kerosene are the frequently used fractionated products of crude petroleum. Petrol is reported to contain aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons, as well as different other branched unsaturated and saturated hydrocarbons at variable concentrations2-3.
The chemical pollutants from petrol vapour, like other known xenobiotic, may be metabolically transformed into different metabolites in the body4. Some of these metabolites may be very reactive in various ways, thereby interacting in different ways with the excreting and metabolizing tissues (mainly the liver and kidneys) to elicit toxic effects5. Cellular injury may be caused by the interaction of these metabolites with the tissues, thereby, causing damage to the tissues. Some composition of petroleum products such as volatile nitrates, benzene and lead have been reported to produce harmful effects on lymph nodes, bone marrow and spleen6. Exposure to different fractionated products of crude petroleum has been reported to cause impairment of renal function as a result of derangement of serum electrolytes7-8. During the course of usage of these products, individuals are usually exposed to pollutants from petroleum products in their environments.
Creatinine, Urea and body electrolytes concentrations are usually used for assessing renal function. In renal disease, serum creatinine values do not increase significantly until renal function has been considerably impaired. Determination of creatinine clearance ratios, however, may more sensitively indicate renal impairment. Causes of an increase in blood urea nitrogen include: high protein diet, congestive heart failure, fever, decrease in blood volume and in Glomerular Filtration Rate (suggestive of renal failure), gastrointestinal hemorrhage and increased catabolism.
1.2 Statement of the problem
The main causes of a decrease in blood urea nitrogen are anabolic state, severe liver disease and syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone. Measurement of serum electrolytes (sodium, potassium, chloride) can be used to assess symptoms of heart disease. It can also be used to ascertain the effectiveness of treatments for heart failure, high blood pressure, as well as kidney and liver disease since it is an indicative of how well the heart and kidneys are functioning.
1.3 Objectives of the study
1. To understand the effect of crude oil on cerebellum and kidney of male albino wistar rat
2. To understand the relationship between crude oil ingestion and health levels and functions of cerebellum and kidney of albino wistar rat.
1.4 Research Questions
1. What are the effect of crude oil on cerebellum and kidney of male albino wistar rat
2. What is the relationship between crude oil ingestion and health levels and functions of cerebellum and kidney of albino wistar rat.
1.5 Research Hypothesis
H0: There is no relationship between crude oil ingestion and health levels and functions of cerebellum and kidney of albino wistar rat.
H1: There is a relationship between crude oil ingestion and health levels and functions of cerebellum and kidney of albino wistar rat.
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