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OVERCROWDING IN CLASSROOMS AND ITS EFFECT ON TEACHING AND LEARNING IN PRIMARY SCHOOLS: A CASE STUDY OF AMUWO ODOFIN LOCAL GOVERNMENT OF LAGOS STATE
Abstract
This study examined the Class Size and Productivity in Primary Schools in Lagos State using Amuwo odofin Local Government Area of Lagos State as a case study. This is necessary because of the perceived primary school teachers ineffectiveness in the performance of their duties. A sample of two hundred teachers was drawn from twenty schools in the local government through the simple random sampling technique. A questionnaire tagged “Class Size and Teachers’ Productivity” was used to collect the data for this study. The instrument was validated by using test re-test method of testing reliability and the reliability coefficient of 0.72 was obtained and this was considered high enough for reliability. The data obtained were analysed using frequency counts, percentages and Pearson Product Moment correlation analysis. The study revealed that the level of teachers’ productivity in primary schools in the local government under study was low. The study also revealed that teachers would prefer to teach small classes where they can easily manage their students and impart knowledge to them with little or no stress to large classes. The study further showed that, there is a significant relationship between class size and teachers’ productivity. It is therefore recommended based on these findings that urgent steps should be taken by the government and all stakeholders in education to ensure proper funding of primary schools through the provision of essential nfrastructures in order to reduce the ratio of students to a teachers to a manageable size. This is necessary in order to achieve appreciable level of teachers’ productivity.
ABSTRACT:
This work investigates the effects of pre-marital sex on student academic performance in osun state colleges of education. A hundred and twenty questionnaires were shared amongst students and teachers of six colleges of education in the six geo-political zones of Nigeria.
Primary and secondary data were used the analysis. Both frequency distribution and regression analysis were used.
It was observed therefore that the effect of extra-marital sex on students academic performance was very significant. Also, there was a negative relationship between students academic performance and extra-marital sex.
The work is made of five chapters with bibliography and list of references
TABLE OF CONTENT:
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
- Background of the Study
- Statement of the Research Problem
- Objectives of the Study
- Significance of the Study
- Research Questions
- Research Hypothesis
- Conceptual and Operational Definition
- Assumptions
- Limitations of the Study
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
- Sources of Literature
- The Review
- Summary of Literature Review
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
- Research Method
- Research Design
- Research Sample
- Measuring Instrument
- Data Collection
- Data Analysis
- Expected Result
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS
- Data Analysis
- Results
- Discussion
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS
- Summary
- Recommendations for Further Study
Bibliography
CHAPTER ONE
- INTRODUCTION
Nigeria is currently anticipating another “independence” following the end of British
colonialism in 1962. The country’s populace now looks forward to liberation from a long
history of authoritarian and rapacious military regimes that have ruled the country except for brief intervals of democracy – for most of the intervening four decades.
Nigeria’s independence in the 1960s ushered in an opportunity for the transformation of
Nigerian society through the development of locally responsive national policies and
locally managed development programs. Today, recent political changes again provide
Nigeria with the opportunity for a fundamental review of policies and social programs
that will prepare the country to meet the challenges of the new century. Nowhere is this
more timely than in the education sector.
- Background of Study
Over the past decade, Nigeria has been plagued by frequent political unrest. This political
instability has generated negative effects on the education system. Although education
had been in crisis for many years, the situation has recently been made worse by frequent
strikes staged by students, faculty and teachers. Much of the difficulty lies in the fact that
the sector is poorly funded. This results in shortages of material and human resources for
education: lack of qualified teachers; a brain drain from the public sector; few instructional inputs, shortage of classrooms, and a host of other problems.
These difficulties have been most pronounced at the foundation levels of education. Both
primary and secondary school levels have been negatively affected. In 1997 the Federal
Minister of Education, following a nation-wide tour of the schools, stated that the basic
infrastructure in schools such as classrooms, laboratories, workshops, sporting facilities,
equipment, libraries were in a state of total decay. The physical condition of most schools
was reported to be pathetic.
Nigeria as a reconstituted democracy has to address issues of a dual transformation. The
country needs to re-examine its past and focus on development plans that will meet the
challenges of the future. The need to work out a new developmental plan puts pressure on
the political, social and economic sectors of the country. The new government has declared education as one of its priorities. The goal is to have a reformed system of education that will provide access at all levels of education and to improve the quality
and efficiency of the entire education system. While these are lofty goals, the real challenge will lie in the successful implementation of them.
Education has been at the top of the priority lists of some previous Nigerian governments
yet the education system is still far from being ready for the challenges of the new
century. Nigeria is not the only country whose education system is unprepared. A closer
examination of many systems, especially in a developing context, indicate that most of
the educational systems in developing countries are not yet ready to prepare students for
the contemporary global world. The education needs of an emergent Nigeria are well
articulated by Pai Obanya 2 when he suggests that Nigerian education should be marked
by a continuous search for excellence supported by the political will for good governance
and transparency.
Nigeria’s “National Policy on Education,” published in 1977 was revised in 1981 and
1990. The policy document has been revised to ensure that the policies address the
perceived needs of the government in power and to try to ensure that the education sector
is supportive of government development goals. Following recent political changes,
which saw the reintroduction of democracy in the country, the government acknowledged
the need to revise and update the National Policy on Education once more to ensure that
the education system meets the needs of a new democracy.
The entire education system would benefit from coherent national policy development
rather than piecemeal reforms. The revision of educational policies is being considered as
a long-term goal, due to other pressing needs. The discussion of new policies would
benefit from careful attention to the recommendations made and adopted at international
meetings hosted by UNESCO and other donors for the various sectors of education. New
policies have to address the needs of a new democracy, its role in the new global order,
while reflecting the realities of Nigeria’s economy.
The new democratic government has already demonstrated its political will in working to
rebuild the Nigerian economy. Education is once more a priority in its broad national
development strategy. The work done thus far would benefit greatly from internal and
external support by foundations, business, NGOs and international development agencies
to ensure that the goals set are realistic, meet the needs of a new democracy and are
economically sound. It is quite clear that the challenges the country will face if it is to
reform the education system will include financial constraints, the need for new expertise,
and a broad range of technical assistance. In addition it must be recognized that funding
needs for education compete with a range of other critical needs in health, public safety,
and social welfare. This presents enormous challenges for the new government and to the
donor community.
Universal primary education has been a stated priority of every Nigerian government
since its introduction in the seventies. The actual commitment of the different
governments to the scheme, however, has varied substantially. The economic problems
encountered have also contributed to the difficulties experienced in its implementation.
Successful implementation will depend on the availability of adequate resources, the
sharing of responsibility amongst different levels of government, greater community and student participation. In recognition of the need for greater participation of the
stakeholders in the implementation of the scheme, the previous government passed
legislation that spells out the responsibilities of different levels of government and those
of various stakeholders. Other initiatives included the re- instatement of the National
Primary Education Commission and other management structures from 1993. The
objective at that time was to improve the management of the education system. A number
of initiatives have also been taken as basic steps to promote increased access to education
since 1990.
The new government re-launched the Universal Basic Education Scheme in 1999 as one
of its top priorities. The government has also committed itself to implementing
international agreements such as the implementation of “education for all by the year
2000,” adopted at the “World Declaration on Education for All” at the Jomtien (Thailand)
World Conference in 1990. The funding and management of primary education ha ve also
been changed. The functions of the National Primary Education Commission have been
restructured to exclude the management of the primary education budget. The new role is
more professional in nature and includes planning for the implementation of universal
primary education and the need to address issues of quality, equity and access in the
system, with emphasis on gender issues.
Other priority areas have been identified through a Nigeria-UNESCO collaboration
mission in October 1999. The areas targeted for immediate attention and the estimated
costs of the projects have been listed as follows:*
i) Access to basic education (179,5 million Naira 3)
ii) Massive reduction of illiteracy as part of a strategy for poverty alleviation
(1,6 billion Naira)
iii) Improvement of quality in higher education (7,050 billion Naira)
iv) Technical and vocational education (1,1 billion Naira)
v) Teacher training (11 billion Naira)
The costs given for each area are estimates but indicate the scale of funding – roughly
USD 210 million – needed for the anticipated reforms. Long-term goals were identified
as: the urgent need to revise the national education policy document, curriculum reform,
and improved access to higher education through distance education.
The system of education at all levels has undergone rapid changes and growth within a
context of an unstable economy. The education sector continued to expand even though
there were substantial economic setbacks. The economic crisis has had a negative impact
on the education system and played a major role in the decline of the quality of education
offered. New policies have to address, inter alia, issues of equity, access, funding, quality
and management of the educational system.
- Statement of the Research Problem
The classroom is the heart of any educational system. No curriculum planning is complete without implementation and evaluation, both of which are mainly carried out in the classroom. Most of the class activities take place while students are seated. The seating arrangement is therefore too important to suffer the kind of neglect being experienced by many secondary schools in the country. As rightly observed by Cohen and Manion (1983:221) “a careful attention to seating arrangement contributes as effectively as any other aspect of classroom management and control to overall success with a class subsequently.” Adesina (1990:73) also affirms that one potent index for evaluating educational standards and quality is an examination of the physical facilities available for learning experiences”.
The seating arrangement can make or mar any lesson. Ideally, in a secondary school, especially in a mixed ability grouping, as found in Nigerian schools, seats should be arranged in rows with a reasonable amount of space between them to allow for proper teacher – student and student – student interactions, as well as allow for individual and group work (Cohen and Manion, 1983). To this end, the ratio of teacher to students should not exceed 1:30 or at most 40 judging by the size of the classrooms. But what one finds in many of these classes is between ratio 1:50 and 1:150 incertain cases.
This study was therefore interested in identifying the major problems caused by over-populated classes in Nigeria growing towns and cities with a view to making suggestions that could help to alleviate the problems.
- Statement of research problem
The study addressed the following questions:
Is there any correlation between the ranking of teachers and students with regard to the effects of over-crowded classrooms on classroom interactions?
Is there any correlation between the ranking of teachers and students concerning the coping strategies Amuwo odofinpted by teachers in over-crowded classroom ?
- Objectives of the Study
The general purpose of this study is to find out the relationship between class size and student achievement using some selected secondary schools in Agege Local Government Area Of Lagos State as case study. The specific objectives are to:
i. Examine the relationship between class size and academic performance of students
ii. Examine the relationship between school population and academic performance of students
iii. Discuss the effects of over-population on classroom management
iv. Analyse the impact of over-population on school resources and facilities
- Research Questions
i. Is there any correlation between class size and academic performance of students?
ii. Is there any relationship between school population and academic performance of students?
iii. Is there any relationship between over population and classroom management?
iv. Is there any relationship between over population and school resources/ facilities?
- Research Hypothesis
Ho
1 There is no significant relationship between class size and academic performance of students
H1
2 There is a significant relationship between school population and academic performance of students
Ho
3 There is no significant relationship between over population and classroom management
H2
4 There is a significant relationship between over population and classroom management
- Scope of the Study
This research work focuses on the relationship between class size and student achievement using some selected secondary schools in Agege Local Government Area Of Lagos State as case study. This research work covers all public secondary schools students in Agege Local Government Area Of Lagos State. However, four public secondary schools will be used as case study.
- Conceptual and Operational Definition
This study is important for several reasons. First, the findings will help teachers to identify the reasons for the academic performance of students in large classes with high population and how they can address the problems;
Second, it will provide comprehensive information for educational planners, educators, and parents on how they can assist students to cope in large classes;
Third, this research work will lead to further in-depth study on the impact of class size and school population on the academic performance of students in Nigeria;
Lastly, it will serve as a contribution to knowledge in the subject area. In this regard, it will be useful for other researchers who might want to carry out research in related areas.
- Assumptions
A descriptive research design will be use in carrying out this study.
The sample for this study constitutes one hundred (100) respondents. For this research work, random sampling technique will be used. This study will be restricted to the categories of teachers and students the researcher considered essentially relevant to issues being investigated. Simple percentage statistical analysis will be used for the study.
Academic Achievement – Knowledge attained or skills developed in
school subjects by test scores.
Secondary school (also “high school”) is a term used to describe an educational institution where the final stage of schooling, known as secondary education and usually compulsory up to a specified age, takes place. It follows elementary or primary education, and may be followed by university (tertiary) education.
Overpopulation: This is when the number of students in a particular class exceeds the standard of student-teacher ratio of 1:30.
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