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COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF TECHNICAL EFFICIENCIES OF BROILER AND EGG PRODUCTION ENTERPRISES IN BAYELSA STATE, NIGERIA
ABSTRACT
The study comparatively analysed the technical efficiencies of broiler and egg production enterprises in Bayelsa State, Nigeria. A multistage random sampling technique was used to select 108 broiler and 108 layer farmers. The data collected was analysed using descriptive statistics, stochastic frontier production function; gross margin analysis and likert scale rating techniques. The result showed that majority, broiler (58.7%) and layer (55.6%) farmers were within the age of 41-60 years with mean ages of 43 and 44 years for broiler end egg farmers respectively. Male (broiler 92.6% and layers 93.5%) dominated poultry production in the study area, majority of the farmers were married ( broiler 90.7% and layer 90.7% ), majority(broiler 49% and layer 44.4%) had tertiary education, with mean years of education of 13 and 14 years for broiler and layer farmers respectively. Furthermore, majority (broiler 66.7% and layer 50.0%) had household sizes of 6-10, with mean household size of 8 and 9 persons for broiler and layer farmers respectively. 74.1% of broiler and 30.6% of layer farmers do not belong to any cooperative society, 90.7% and
92.6% broiler and layer farmers respectively had no extension contact. The mean technical efficiency was 0.68 and 0.79 for broiler and layer farmers respectively. The inefficiency model revealed that age of farmer was negative and significant (p<0.10), level of education was positive and significant (p<0.05) while farming experience was negative and significant (p<0.05) and credit status was negative and significant (p< 0.10) for broiler farmers. However, for layer farmers, age of farmers was negative and significant (p<0.01), credit status was negative and significant (p<0.01), membership of cooperative was negative and significant (p<0.01). The coefficients of the production factors for broiler farmers revealed that labour and farm size were positive and significant. On the other hand, the coefficient of production factors for layer farmers revealed that labour, feed, farm size, capital inputs were positive and significant. The mean technical efficiency of broiler and layer farmers were 0.68 and 0.79 respectively. Broiler and layer farmers were not fully technically efficient and do not operate on the same level of technical efficiency. The costs and returns analysis showed the gross margin of N447,689.598 and N748,347.640 for broiler and layer enterprises respectively. The study identified lack of government support, high cost of feed, lack of credit facilities, poor management practices, high rate of mortality, inadequate power supply, high cost of transportation, inadequate extension services, and lack of organised market as constraints facing poultry farmers in the study area.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
The livestock industry is very important in the Nigerian economy because it provides a good source of animal protein such as meat, milk and egg that are rich in the essential amino acids required for body functions (Adepoju, 2008).The industry, according to Okunmadewa (1999) provides raw materials such as wool, hides and skin for the development of local industries using them to produce items such as clothing, shoes, jackets and rugs for human use. Animal protein is important in the human diet for growth, maintenance and repair of body tissues, maintaining the water balance of the body tissues and for formation of hormones and emzymes(Tanko & Aji, 2014).
Poultry is a collective term for all avian species nutritionally and economically useful to man (Okoli, 2006). The most important poultry species remains the domestic fowl commonly called chicken not only because of its universal availability but also because it provides important highly relished human foods (Tanko & Aji, 2014). The other domestic avian species classed under poultry include turkey, duck, guinea fowl, goose and pigeon.
However, with continued population growth, urbanization, income growth, changes in life styles and food preferences, it was projected that meats and egg demand in the developing world will double between 1995 and 2020 to 190 million tons and increase by 25 percent in developing countries to 122 million tonnes (Delgado, Rosengrat, Steinfeld & Courbois, 1999). Demand for meat will grow faster than cereals in the developing world by 2.8 percent per year compared with 1.8 percent for cereals (Pinshup, Pandya & Rosegrant, 1997).
The problems of food insecurity and hunger in recent years have continued to attract the attention of experts and Governments worldwide (Babatunde, Omotosho & Sholotan, 2007).
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Several conferences and world food summits on human nutrition have brought back to centre-stage for debate the issue of eradicating extreme poverty and hunger, (Food and Agricultural Organisation (FAO), 2003). FAO (1995) also asserted that the most critical in the global food basket crisis is protein, especially of animal origin. The poultry industry represents the fastest and most economic means of bridging the animal protein shortage gap (Olufemi &Adeolu , 2013). FAO (1998) puts the current average level of animal protein consumption in Nigeria at 15g/head/day, which is grossly below the FAO recommended level of 35g/head/day.
According to Chukwuji, Inoni, Ogisi and Oyaide (2006), poultry production is attractive because, birds are able to adapt easily, have high economic value, rapid generation time and high rate of productivity that can result in production of meat within eight weeks and first egg within 18 weeks of first chick being hatched. They further stressed that poultry is an important source of animal protein, income, employment, industrial raw materials, manure, financial security etc. Poultry production has indeed become a leader in the livestock industry both in advanced management and technology.
The poultry industry in Nigeria has under gone a significant transformation since the early fifties from a backyard, peanut and primitive house hold-oriented husbandry to modern and large-scale poultry which can be found in the country side and urban centres today. Though the value of livestock resources have grown in absolute terms in recent years, its overall contributions to Agricultural output remains dismally low, Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN, 2006).
In Nigeria, animal protein, especially meat is expensive, in short supply and is out of reach to majority of the population (Ike & Ugwumba, 2011). The effect of inadequate animal protein intake is in fact more by a large proportion of the population especially in the rural areas, whose inhabitants constitute over 70% of the Nigerian population and who constitute over 85% of the extreme poor in the country (Chukwuji et al., 2006). However, for the fact that they will be an
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increase in population and demand for animal protein, poultry production is exploited towards meeting these needs.
According to technical centre for Agricultural and Technical Cooperation (CTA, 2004), the second half of 1990 saw a sharp rise in importation of poultry into Sub-Saharan Africa. Statistics from the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations as reported by CTA (2004) reveals that importation of poultry to the region more than tripled between 1995 and 2002 rising from 97816 tonnes to 318102 tonnes. At the same time, global exports almost doubled soaring from 5661000 tonnes to 9381000 tonnes. In 2003, Africa imported about 182,000 tonnes of chickens from the European Union (CTA, 2004). The bulk of the meat arrived by boats, deep frozen at prices that defy competition. In spite of this importations however, the total supply of livestock products still fall short of the overall demand. However, the subsector is undergoing massive transformation fuelled by a high demand for meat which is likely to double in the near future(Gona, 2009).
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